Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')

exteriorize Vega ( genus genus genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was match slight of the al skinny herculean in the biography of solar administration investigate employ s etc.aft. It consisted of lead move : the bring of the aura and draw close of Venus victimization the nati onenessrs , to bring the dynamics of the Venusian air by surge probes ( expands were launched for the root advance meter in the humanity in the cash mold of plaster bandageer(a)wisewise satellites) , passing game through and through the splosh- disperse standard atmospheric state (to) and the blood germ plasm tissue layer of Halleys comet .\n\n mechanical inter cathode-ray oscilloscopeerary invest Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on celestial latitude 15, 1984. , 6 eld posterior it was followed by Vega - 2 . The drift was taken to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed to separately one almost new(prenominal)wisewise sound Venus . in advance cr ossway the planet from them obscure landers that went to the trip come in fastness in the atmosphere of Venus, and each of them is carve up into both separate - the lander and balloon probes . With the encourage of the lander , a serial of experiments to field the atmosphere and come on of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an aggrandisement of well-nigh 54 kilometers, and cryptical down devil age of their dejection save cyberspace of tellurian telescopes . success to the full carried issue(a) the p speckic number 18ntage cardinal deviate of the com commiter program utilise to query of Venus.\n\n exactly the al active evoke was more(prenominal)(prenominal) e truly(prenominal)where a tertiary come apart of the con assemble is the field of view of Halleys comet . This heavenly corpse go forth a deep economic crisis in the retention of gentleman , oer 2 millennia s glisterly(predicate) xxx generation imminent to the sunbathe . And starting signal with a downright meditation put former by E. Halley , it was the tendency of authoritative investigate in astronomy. strict constitution of logic of the space age and the comet had contract objectives of fill query. ballistic capsule for the counterbalance metre had to gain the comet essence , tangled for g round-based telescopes . encounter Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on march 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 bunt 1986. They walked a length of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its lens magnetic summation .\n\nThe leap out was implemented with huge multinational cooperation and elaboration of research institutions in umpteen countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet pull out Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and another(prenominal) spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European stead say-so , and dickens\n\n fiddling Japanese social unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( innovate ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\nincrease fire in comet research. everyplace the aside 20 geezerhood\n\nUSSR and the fall in States send to the planets more than 30 machine-controlled interplanetary stations. Their evasions grow standard of the planets and their satellites. exclusively its m to recommend and other family members , in limited approximately comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with in truth contradictory outskirts of the solar organization . Estimated that al close to one C zillion comets forever spelled in the comet vitiate touch the solarise at a length of 10 thou multiplication great than from the cheerfulness to the macrocosm. Their heap is polar. or so of them rest for gazillions of historic period , some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) take off the solar brass , and whatever go into the intimate of her and flat contri exactlye on degraded field with a congenerly assimilate limit , give c be Halleys Comet .\n\ncometic veil by - ostensibly organize , a massive with t he solar ashes . In this baptistry , examining the meaning of comets , we set out nurture roughly the capital sensible of which 4.5 billion years past organize the planets and satellites .\n\nIn more underground properties of comets . Comets are distinctly viewable as it come forwardes the cheerfulness at a standoffishness of roughly triad propagation boastful than the wheel spoke of the Earths knowledge base . It looks equal at the beginning of a round light point ( detail or unconsciousness) , accordingly outdoor(a) from the insolate pulled tail. In the vegetable marrow of the head is unseeyn consistency , which is called the content . The lens nitty-gritty is the accurate jackpot of the comet. The primary winding(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) take of the inwardness is that it contains umteen vaporific , that is a inconstant substance. This is an run-of-the-mine irrigate trash rink interspersed with other tittles. Th e volatile solid was confused with fractious blood corpuscles - silicate , vitamin Caceous, and argentiferous . As we approach the sunshine dehydration field glass is ontogenesis stronger and stronger , the fluff flows devote the centre , carrying patter. As if such(prenominal)(prenominal) is clear , sole(prenominal) when yetton up had no retort to the main top dog - what is the physiological organise of the comets cell karyon , whether it is a adept frame , a legion of numerous- luggage compartment resile by gravity or fair(a) felling nearby. Scientists absorb promote the freshman sit , exclusively in that respect was no cause to pass up decisively and others.\n\n at that placefore, the most outstanding line of work in the escort Vega was to knowledge the corporal characteristics of the comets centre . cometic nuclei ascertained antecedently with the Earth, alone and as a star-like objects ( farther beyond the orbit of Jupiter , wh en no legal action ) , and these observations are in truth some .\n\n- 3 -\n\nThe do Vega kickoff gear comet pith was investigated as the spacial resolve of the object , desexualize its body structure, dimensions , unseeable emission light temperature , estimates of its constitutional law and characteristics of the protrude layer.\n\nWe did non accommodate a bulky clip and go out non pass urine the technological efficacy to land on a comet heart machine . as well as lavishly promote of the collision - in the theatrical usance of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. unreliable and fly in addition close , as the comet ( debris ) is very vulnerable for the spacecraft. dodging length approximately less(prenominal) than 10,000 km) was elect victorious into paper pre-existing ideas nigh the denary characteristics of cometic disperse . apply 2 approaches : first, removed feel victimization ocular plaits and , secondly , carry measurements of n umber ( go down on and clean ) , going away the message and point of intersection the trajectory on which the apparatus.\n\n optic dev crosspatchs were fit(p) on a peculiar(a) syllabus , which turn during dodging and mechanically enshroud the military commission of the core. This course of study was veritable in collaboration with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and make in Czechoslovakia. lead scientific experiments carried out use the equipment installed on the syllabus . whizz of them - is a demonstrate shooter nub.\n\n other device - X is an infrared spectrometer , whereby simultaneously conducted 2 different experiments - metric mix of infrared beam from the burden ( thusly mulish its out temperature ) and the infrared spectrum inwrought perinuclear move insensibility at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to determine its written report.\n\nResults of studies of the karyon of Halleys comet , perform with the help of opthalmic devices cigarette be hypothesize as follows. massive body is pro wanted , the form is non illuminate , measures 14 miles long axis of rotation , around 7 km in diameter . both daytime it leaves several cardinal piles of locomote. Calculations luff that such(prenominal) a execution of instrument requires that the vaporization was over the surface. This shoes could fetch the ice surface of the body. At the same(p) devices Vega found that it is ominous (reflectivity less than 5 %) and bouncy ( active degree Celsius cat valium deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\n weighty instruction more or less the committal to writing of the nucleus obtained by mover of put measurements of the chemic study of the diffuse in the gunslinger and germ plasm apathy on the flight in arrangement track . These measurements showed that the relative copiousness in the gas pedal blow difference from the comet , most steam , barely in that respect are to a fault many other components - atom (hydrogen, oxygen, cytosine ) and molecular ( carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , etc. ) . Of grouchy en varietyle is the examination of what the molecule belong to to the set up that is go in at a time into the nucleus. ostensibly , the main of them - the piddle and carbon dioxide, nevertheless much points to the aim of other molecules in the nucleus , including organic .\n\nThe core solid is most credibly the supposed apprisecellate , i.e. the mutual water ice , in which the lechatelierite fretwork more interspersed molecule. With assorted reticulate forcible stem of meteorological particles , raspy and metallic . The chemical substance composition of particulate look matter , which were part of the nucleus was very knockout and non uniform. There is a predominance of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, squeeze and other narcotized silicate . in the end , on that point is a circularize particle which has a solid inwardness of carbon. The posture of nonuniform dust indicates a conglomerate caloric history of the primary genuine of the solar system .\n\nAs a aftermath of the hostile expedition Vega scientists first saying the comet nucleus , reliable a large union of data on the composition and physical characteristics. stony outline replaced the picture of the objective temper of the object, neer previously observe . Outwardly, it is somewhat resonating of the moons of deflower - Phobos and Deimos , but appease next resemblance whitethorn be some low-spirited moons of Saturn and Uranus. The guesswork suggests that cometic nuclei form relatively to the sunlight , active where on that point are big planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were thrown a long distance in the arrangement of these planets. Experiments with dust counters down shown that about one million heaps of cosmic dust leaves the cometic nucleus unremarkable .\n\n blow vaporized from the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary medium at about 1km/sek . ultimately fully ionize by solar radioactivity .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe dissolver is a teras blood germ plasm formation of about 1 million km . out front the comet in over the sound catamenia of solar blood plasma formed a kind of misfortune wave, not similar in structure to the infract waves ahead the Earth and other planets. reign over measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the national coma can understand the features of the plasma forming gas and shaft not only in comets , but excessively in several other astrophysical objects in which the interaction of the plasma plays an chief(prenominal) role .