Thursday, December 26, 2019

Prospects Restaurant Is All About Teaching And Engaging...

Prospects Prospects restaurant is all about teaching and engaging teens and young kids. On the back of the clipboard is a white board which gives users the opportunity to connect with others at the table and get a little creative. Unlike the menu system the colors of the cookbook are dulled down, so it’s easier on the eyes of adults. For this project I wanted to use bright colors to get younger people intrigued. This restaurant is all about teaching and engaging teens and young kids. On the back of the clipboard is a white board which gives users the opportunity to connect with others at the table and get a little creative while waiting for their meal. Inside Outside In Mental disorders are some of the least talked about illnesses in the world. For this project I wanted to create a museum exhibit that not only educated about the history of mental disorders, but also show what it feels like to live with a disorder and how they can help. I used light blues and pale red oranges to keep a calm feeling through out the exhibit. I chose to used curved intersecting lines to show how it can feel for some people who have mental disorders. The illustrations in the in the art exhibit and the mailer are by Ellen Forney, author of Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me . Ceramic Arts Daily Book Covers Ceramic Arts Daily is a website that focuses on teaching artist new techniques to use while working with clay. They have a variety of written tutorials as well as videos.Show MoreRelatedContent Analysis of Focus Group Data7519 Words   |  31 Pagesassociate professor in the Department of Educational Leadership, Marie Steichen is a research assistant professor at the Cencer for Engagement and Community Development, and Gabriela Diaz de Sabates is an instructor in the Department of Women s Studies, all at Kansas State University. Dianne Glass is state director of adult education for the Kansas Board of Regencs. 84 Adult Basic Education and Literacy Journal †¢ Volume 5, Number 2, Summer 2011 Experiences of Adult Learners 2001). Hayes (1988) developedRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesMarketing Management, 14e (Kotler/Keller) Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century 1) Which of the following statements about marketing is true? A) It is of little importance when products are standardized. B) It can help create jobs in the economy by increasing demand for goods and services. C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofitRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesby Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesmost entertaining part of such a course. The ‘full story’ that follows this summary gives you considerable detail about how to go about a case analysis, but for now here is a brief account. Before we start, a word about attitude – make it a real exercise. You have a set of historical facts; use a rigorous system to work out what strategies should be followed. All the cases are about real companies, and one of the entertaining bits of the analysis process is to compare what you have said they shouldRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pages Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. Drucker Credits Front Cover Copyright About the Publisher iii Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues Where, readers may ask, is the discussion of COMPETITIVE STRATEGY, of LEADERSHIP, of CREATIVITY, of TEAMWORK, of TECHNOLOGY in a book on MANAGEMENTRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesactivities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. 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This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in anyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages This online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most eff ective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCorporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright  ©2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission inRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesHughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Portrayal of Women in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman...

Portrayal of Women in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Although Death of a Salesman is mainly about a salesman named Willy Loman, the almost hidden presence of the women in the novel goes all too often unnoticed. Linda Loman seems to be the glue that holds the Loman clan together, as Willy, Biff, and Happy are all deluded in one way or another. Arthur Miller depicts Willys wife in a very specific way, and this is a very crucial part of the story. He depicts the other women in the story in ways that complement Lindas distinct nature. Although Lindas role as a woman in society is extremely limited, she is a heroic character, both wife and mother to some very sad and twisted characters. Linda is technically the female†¦show more content†¦Here is the dialogue that tells us about her- and her relation to her husband. HOWARDS VOICE. Go on, say something. (Pause.) Well, you gonna talk? HIS WIFE. I cant think of anything. HOWARDS VOICE. Well, talk--its turning.~ HIS WIFE (shyly, beaten). Hello. (Silence.) Oh Howard I cant talk into this . . . HOWARD (snapping the machine off). That was my wife. (1199) There is, in fact, a third woman in Howards life, maid. Howard says that if he cant be at home when the Jack Benny program comes on, he uses the wire recorder. He tells the maid to turn the radio on when Jack Benny comes on, and this automatically goes on with the radio.... (1199). In short, the women in Howards world exist to serve (and to worship) him. Another woman who seems to have existed only to serve men is Willy Lomans mother. On one occasion, in speaking with Ben, Willy remembers being on her lap, and Ben, on learning that his mother is dead, utters a platitudinous description of her, Fine specimen of a lady, Mother (1183), but thats as much as we learn of her. Willy is chiefly interested in learning about his father, who left the family and went to Alaska. Ben characterizes the father as a very great and a very wild-hearted man (1185), but the fact that the father left hisShow MoreRelated Women in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman956 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman The part of Stella and Linda are both archetypal female figures in that they follow the typical fictional role of the submissive wife and mother. In A Streetcar Named Desire, Stella DuBois (renamed Mrs. Stanley Kowalski) supports and forgives her husband, defending him against any criticism. Likewise, in Death of a Salesman, Linda - the only female character with any import - is a meek, timid figureRead MoreWillys Tragic Flaw and the Effect it Has Upon his Sons in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Effect it Has Upon his Sons in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Willys Tragic Flaw and the Effect it Has Upon his Sons Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller concerns itself with the fall of a simple man perpetually in a steadfast state regarding his own failure in a success-driven society. The protagonist of the play, Willy Loman, will follow a tragic trajectory that will eventually lead to his suicide. Arthur Millers tragic play is an accurate portrayal of the typical American myth thatRead MoreTo What Extent Can Bosola Be Considered a Tragic Hero? 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Document Type: Critical essay Bookmark: Bookmark this Document Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning Title Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible: A Feminist Reading [(essay date fall 1994) In the followingRead MoreThe Great Playwright s Life Story2415 Words   |  10 PagesUnfortunately, Lorraine Hansberry did not witness the everlasting success of her play as cancer claimed her at age 34 on January 12, 1965, during the final performance of her second play, The Sign in Sidney Burstein’s Window (â€Å"Lorraine†). Yet even after her death, critics and reviewers continue to praise Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, recognizing it as an American classic that still speaks to society today. In his critical essay â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun’s Enduring Passion,† Amiri Baraka comments that Hansberry’sRead MoreEssay on 103 American Literature Final Exam5447 Words   |  22 PagesAmerican culture and rejecting the influences of Europe (C) international in nature, bringing together American and European culture (D) a rejection of America and American experiences 13. In 1920, what development changed social and political life for women? (A) They were denied the legal right to drive automobiles. (B) They gained the right to vote. (C) Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, banning sex discrimination in pay in a number of different professions. (D) They were prohibited from enrolling in

Monday, December 9, 2019

Advantage Management Accounting Competitive - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Advantage Management Accounting Competitive. Answer: Introduction: Various factors are present which impose pressure on the organizations to provide good services at lower cost and some of these factors are, increase in demand of digital services, high cost in context of information, slowdown in economies, etc. For the purpose of dealing with these conditions, managers of organizations must increase and improve their knowledge of cost behavior and also understand the involvement of different costs in the organization (Gonzalez, 2014). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) is the technique of cost management which helps the organization in developing accurate cost information related to different activities conducted in the organization. It is necessary to conduct research on the suitability of the TDABC in private organizations. It is very difficult for organizations to implement the traditional model of ABC because this model includes high cost related to interview and survey of people and it is very difficult to maintain and update this model because of its complexity level. On the other hand, TDABC consider only two parameters that are unit cost of supplying capacity and the time required for performing any transaction and activity (Basuki Riediensyaf, 2014). This report defines the suitability of the TDABC in the private organizations of Australia, and for this purpose we choose BHP Billiton Plc. Structure of this report includes the short description of the client, detail description of TDABC and its features, difference between TDABC and ABC, and whether TDABC is suitable for BHP Billiton Plc. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. About BHP Billiton: BHP is considered as leading Resource Company of the World. This company mainly engaged in extracting and processing of minerals, oil and gas. Almost 60000 employees are employed by the organization, primarily in Australia and USA. Products of the organization are sold worldwide. Global headquarter of the organization is situated in the Melbourne, Australia. BHP Billiton conducts its operation under Dual Listed Company structure and it has two parent companies that are BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc., and this organization is operated as single economic entity which is referred as BHP. BHP is run by a unified Board and management. The main aim of this organization is to create value for long-term shareholders through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. For this purpose, organization develop the strategy, and strategy of this organization includes own and operate large assets, long-life, low-cost, expandable, upstream assets diversified by commodity, geography and market. Operating model of the BHP Billiton allowed the organization to use their expertise across their business and it shas multifunctional teams which connect all the hierarchys of the organization for best results (BHP, n.d.). TDABC its features: Every business organization needs the management which has clear understanding of the cost management, and this can only happen with the easy cost accounting model which can quickly reflect the changes occurred in the business as they occur. It must be noted that TDABC is completely different from the original activity-based costing (OABC). OABC provides strong model for costing varied products and services, but TDABC holds more variation and complexity related to products and services, as it helps the organization by providing information of high quality without the issues which are created by the OABC models (Kannaiah, 2015). TDABC is a simple model which can easily, validated, maintained, and expanded. This model is considered as best costing technique for present environment of the business. This model mainly considers two parameters, and both the parameters are stated below: Unit cost related to supplying capacity of the organization. Required time for the purpose of performing an activity. Capacity cost rate estimate- this model is initiated by identifying different groups of resources performing activities. It must be noted that capacity of resources is measured by using time availability, but some organizations also use the time-driven approach for the purpose of determining the capacity of resources measured in other units. The formula for calculating the capacity cost rate is stated below: Capacity cost rate- Cost of capacity supplied/ practical capacity of resources supplied. Unit Time estimate- this approach requires the organization to estimate the time needed to perform any transactional activity. Generally, estimations of time will be estimated either by directly observing the things or by conducting the interviews. Under this approach it is not necessary to estimate the exact time, roughly estimation of the time is sufficient. It must be noted that TDABC ensures following positive features: It is an easy procedure, and organizations can implement it quickly. This model easily integrates with the data, and now available through the installation of ERP and CRM systems. It is not expensive in nature, and organization can maintains and update it quickly. This model has skill to measure to enterprise-wise models. It is very simple to incorporate additional features in this model related to specific orders, processes, suppliers, customers, etc. More visibility related to efficiencies of process and utilization of capacity. This model also has skill to forecast the resource demands for future, and this forecasting is clearly based on the predicted quantity of the order and complexity. These above stated features help the ABC model to improve its efficiency and remove its deficiencies such as complex in nature, expensive financial system, etc (Kaplan, 2009). How TDABC is different from ABC traditional costing systems: Additional features of TDABC help the organizations in many ways but this technique is different from original model of ABC and from other traditional costing techniques also. Difference between these three is stated below in detail. TDABC ABC: Activity based costing is considered as accurate way for managers for the purpose of distributing costs to the consumers and products related to the services of departments. However, this model of costing loose its efficiency in large scale operations and other disadvantages are also there such as this model is expensive in nature and difficult to maintain. Abandon of ABC model is the not the right solution for this problem, because this model represents huge potential for companies on larger scale. Fortunately, this model becomes simpler because of the new approach known as time-driven ABC which overcomes from all these shortcomings. The major difference between these two models is stated below: TDABC ABC It is not an expensive system. It is an expensive costing method. East to operate Complex in nature It uses duration cost drivers It uses transaction cost drivers (Simple Studies, 2016). Traditional costing system TDABC: In case traditional costing methods indirect cost was applied to the products and this is based on predetermined overhead rate. This type of costing methods considers the overhead costs as a single group related to indirect costs. These types of methods are finest in nature only if indirect costs are low in comparison of direct costs. Traditional costing methods include various parameters such as first it identify indirect cost, estimation of indirect cost for particular period, select cost driver with the casual link to the cost, estimate the amount of the cost driver for particular period of time, compute the preset overhead rate, and lastly applied the overhead to the products by using the preset overhead rate (Johnson, 2018) On the other hand, TDABC is the simple model which mainly identified the capacity of each department or process. Subsequently, cost is allocated on the basis of the capacity of the resources groups over the cost object which is mainly depend on the required time for the purpose of performing an activity. In case demand or work related to these departments decreases, then it is possible for TDABC to estimate the quantity related to resources released. In other words, TDABC captures the different characteristics of an activity on the basis of time equations under which time consumed by any activity is considered as function of different characteristics. This model is considered as best costing technique for present environment of the business. This model mainly considers two parameters, and both the parameters are unit cost related to supplying capacity of the organization and required time for the purpose of performing an activity (Kuchta Troska, 2007). Difference between the two is sated below: Traditional methods of costing TDABC It use indirect cost related to the activity. It mainly identifies the capacity of each department and activity. It uses various parameters for determining the cost. It only uses two parameters to determine the cost. It is suitable only when indirect cost is low in comparison of direct cost. It is suitable in every situation (Kaplan, 2006) Suitability of TDABC for BHP Billiton: Annual report of BHP Billiton 2017 states that cost pressures occurred in complete resource industry, and the prices of the products are determined on the basis of commodity markets at global level. Generally, organizations do not have ability to offset these pressures related to cost through increase in the price and this adversely affects the productivity of the organization. Management of BHP made efforts to decrease the costs, but almost all the key costs inputs are linked and it unable the organization in reducing the cost and time lag. All this issues impact the operating margins of the company for an extended period of time. Various assets of the organization such as those assets which produce copper are energy or water intensive because of which cost and earnings of the BHP would be affected in adverse manner by increase in cost and other interruptions related to supply. Some other reasons are also there which such as energy, fuel, and water was not available because of the different number of reasons such as changes occurred in climate, inadequate infrastructure capacity, interruptions in supply, etc (BHP, 2017). However, it must be noted that BHP can deal with all these issues by adopting time-driven activity-based costing system as it helps the organization in improving their resource capacity and allocation of resources in adequate manner. Following are the reasons because of which TDABC is suitable for BHP: It removes the requirement for the time consuming, subjective, interview-and-survey process for the purpose of defined resources pools. TDABC ensures accurate accounts for the purpose of dealing with the complexities of business transaction by using the time equations. This process states the accurate time for needed for particular activity and also eliminate the requirement to track the multiple activities because it accounts the different costs related to single activity. This model reduce the processing time needed for go through the data and this can be done by using feeds related to data from ERP systems. This system is very easy to maintain and update such as by using the ERP systems they can easily update the capacity cost rates. Bu using the traditional costing techniques, BHP overestimates the cost required for performing the activities because of which capacity usage of the organization is reduced. TDABC helps the BHP in simplify the various steps related to the costing technique. It must be noted that BHP requires effective ERP system for the purpose of implementing the TDABC successfully. Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it can be said that TDABC is the modern form of ABC which is suitable for the private organizations as well. This system helps the organization in conducting their activities well planned and in well manner. It also reduces the risk of uncertainty. TDABC is the simple model which mainly identified the capacity of each department or process. Subsequently, cost is allocated on the basis of the capacity of the resources groups over the cost object which mainly depends on the required time for the purpose of performing an activity. This model is considered as best costing technique for present environment of the business. References: Basuki, B. Riediensyaf, M. (2014). The Application of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing In the Hospitality Industry: An Exploratory Case Study. JAMAR, Volume 12(1). BHP, (2017). BHP Annual report 2017. Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/investors/annual-reports/2017/bhpannualreport2017.pdf. Accessed on 11th January 2018. BHP. About Us. Available at: https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-company/about-us. Accessed on 11th January 2018. Gonzalez, M. (2014). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing for Healthcare Provider Supply Chain Processes. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3843context=etd. Accessed on 11th January 2018. HBS, (2005). Rethinking Activity-Based Costing. Available at: https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/rethinking-activity-based-costing. Accessed on 11th January 2018. Johnson, R. (2018). Traditional Costing Vs. Activity-Based Costing. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/traditional-costing-vs-activitybased-costing-33724.html. Accessed on 11th January 2018. Kannaiah, D. (2015). Activity Based Costing (ABC): Is It a Tool for Company to Achieve Competitive Advantage?. Available at: https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/41020/1/41020%20Kannaiah%202015.pdf. Accessed on 11th January 2018. Kaplan R. (2006). The competitive advantage of management accounting. J Manage Account Res 18:127135. Kaplan, R. (2009). Time-Driven Activity Based Costing. Available at: https://accounting.teicm.gr/userfiles/files/%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%A4%CE%91%CE%A0%CE%A4%CE%A5%CE%A7%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%9F%202015%202016/ABC.pdf. Accessed on 11th January 2018. Kuchta, D. Troska M. (2007). Activity based costing and customer profitability. Cost Manage 21(3):1825. Simple Studies, (2016). A different approach to activity-based costing (ABC). Available at: https://simplestudies.com/different_approach_to_activity_based_costing_abc.html/page/2. Accessed on 11th January 2018.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Lost Boys of Sudan Ambiguous Loss, Search for Family, and Reestablishing

Table of Contents Separation Relationships in the refugee camps Searching for families Reestablishing relationships Conclusion Work Cited Displacement of people and separation of families have been common occurrences across the globe with common realization during wars. Initial example for such displacements and separations had been realized during the world wars. Sudan, at the brink of its war in the last decades of the twentieth century also experienced such family displacement and separation as rebel groups from the Southern region fought against government forces.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Lost Boys of Sudan: Ambiguous Loss, Search for Family, and Reestablishing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The consequences were significant on civilians who were either killed or displaced. This paper seeks to give a reaction to a research paper titled The Lost boys of Sudan. The paper will look into the writers’ opinions about the circumstances that have faced the youth and offer a critique. Separation The article represents three major types of separations as was realized by the children. Major separations were caused by attacks on civilians by both government and rebel forces. Separation of children from their parents was also caused by their parents giving them up and sending them to deeper regions of Southern Sudan which were considered to be safer. Such displacements however led to the movements of civilians to refugee camps in neighboring countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya. The circumstances that led to the separation of the children from their family having been an act of war between the government of Sudan and rebel forces presented humanitarian challenges that had to force people to move from their homes owing to the fact that the war was military based with the civilians being left with no party to protect them. The first cause of displacement was caused by atta cks by government forces on people and this attracts more criticisms than established by the writers. One of the functions of a government is the protection of its people and this obligation is internationally recognized regardless of any difference of opinion that the people may have contrary to the opinion held by the government or its agencies. The government of Sudan was thus in violation of international laws of justice by having ordered or even tolerated moves by its forces to attack its citizens. Though the next category of attacks was by rebels in response to moves by government forces, it also illustrated a weakness on the side of the government of Sudan. Contrary to having its forces attack civilians, the government was supposed to contain any form of rebel uprising that could cause harm to its citizens. This could have been initially achieved through establishing democratic processes to meet the grievances that the rebels had against the government and forging a united co untry (Luster, Desiree, Bates, Johnson and Meenal 4).Advertising Looking for assessment on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Separations on the grounds of parents sending their children off on the other hand draw reactions from two points of view. It can be argued that parents were justified to ensuring the safety of their children at all costs and that included moving the children to safer places if the residence became unsafe. Though parents can move with their children to identified safer places to avoid separation of families, factors can hinder such family movements. Economic factors such as fears of instability which may lead to suffering from hunger can however hinder movements in totality forcing parents to send only their children away as they struggle to maintain their lives in the risky regions. Forces in the conflicts, such as the rebel militia, could also have restricted movements of adults, who could be recruited as personnel in the forces. It would however be better if parents moved with their children to establish a new life in a family environment, even if it means to live in a refugee camp. This could cause less psychological harm to children who suffered due to uncertainty of the existence of their parents and other relatives (Luster et al. 4). Relationships in the refugee camps The lost boys are reported to have received warm welcome in the process of moving from their homes and even in the camps where they settled in the neighboring countries. Reports of the children joining hospitable families along their journey to refugee camps and good treatments by members of their clans who they found in the camps were recorded. This warmth from the children’s clansmen offered a consolation to them (children). The representation of supportive adults in the process of escaping violence and in the camps as illustrated by the writers however draws some inconsistencies . First and foremost, the ability of adults to flee their homes into camps would negatively portray parents who did not move away with their children to offer them protection and support. It can be argued that such parents were irresponsible to an extent of endangering the lives of their children by failing to even accompany them to the camps.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Lost Boys of Sudan: Ambiguous Loss, Search for Family, and Reestablishing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The representation of a supportive elderly category of adults from the clans of the children in the refugee camps was also not well based. Just like one of the children was taken into a family on his way to a camp, the elderly population that already lived in the camps should have extended their support to the children to offer them parental care. Since they were from the same clans, the adults should have organized themselves to try and absorb the destitute children into their families. This could have helped the children to acquire better psychological stability due to existence of some parental care even in the absence of their real parents. The children were on the contrary left without such care and they had to organize themselves into forming families of children. The writers were thus not discrete enough in their presentation of the level of care that the children got in the camps. I feel that the adults should have looked beyond the barriers at the camps to extend the African culture of communal ownership of children to help the displaced children in the camps to cope with their situations (Luster et al. 5). Searching for families The lost children are reported to have employed both informal and formal techniques to search for their family members. Use of letters and the later developed technologies such as the internet were some of the tools that were employed to assist in the search. Informal co mmunication as illustrated by the writers in which new arrivals into the camps gave information to the boys about their parents raises questions about the level of care that the parents had for their children who they had sent away. It was not for example explained why the parents of the children never made it to the camps when there were chances and other people were moving into these camps. It was also explained that the informal information that was received was never directly sent by the relatives but general information that the new arrivals in the refugee camps had. This discredits the authenticity of the research on the basis of inconsistency. The fact that there was a link through Red Cross between the camps and the volatile regions in Sudan and the presentation that some of the children were sent away by parents on the basis of care and steps to protect the children from harm should have ensured a follow up through Red Cross to establish the conditions of the children.Adver tising Looking for assessment on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is on the contrary no communication from parents or relatives and only the children were initiating attempts for contacts. The search for families which is identified to have been more effective after some of the boys had moved to the United States is also not very convincing. Though individuals in the United States could have realized a change in how they connected with each other in the new place and even back at home, connectivity among people in the refugee camps is not expected to have drastically improved just on the basis that some individuals moved to a different country (Luster et al. 7). Reestablishing relationships An outline of the reestablishments of families on the basis of use of more easily available technology however indicated consistency as well as the varied reactions from either sides as the boys connected with their families (Luster et al. 7). Conclusion Though the research outlines a wide scope that covers experiences of the children from refugee camps i n Africa to their new life in America, it leaves some aspects unexplained over the relationships between the boys and their parents. This discredits the research on the basis of incorrect information from the sources. Work Cited Luster, Tom., Desiree Qin., Bates, Laura., Johnson, Deborah and Meenal, Rana. The Lost Boys: Ambigious Loss, Search for Family, and Reestablishing Relationships with family members. Find Article, 2008. Web. This assessment on The Lost Boys of Sudan: Ambiguous Loss, Search for Family, and Reestablishing was written and submitted by user Joanna Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Beating essay-writing block, Nursing Standard - Emphasis

Beating essay-writing block, Nursing Standard Beating essay-writing block, Nursing Standard In his second article on writing skills for nursing students, Rob Ashton explains what to do when inspiration doesnt strike. D-Day has arrived. And the essay youve sat on for weeks is due tomorrow morning. Its not that you havent put pen to paper yet. In fact, youve done lots of research and written copious notes. But bringing them all together into an even semi-coherent essay has become what seems like an insurmountable task. Now youre staring hopelessly at a blank screen with a feeling of panic in the pit of your stomach. It threatens to overwhelm you. Fear not though. The first thing to understand is that youre certainly not alone in feeling this way. Writers block affects everyone at some time even famous authors. Biologically, it occurs because your brain perceives a harmless task as a dire threat, and starts to do everything it can to keep you away from it. An essay, though not exactly fun, cant actually harm you of course. But youre dealing with millions of years of evolution here, and mere logic may not be enough to beat the problem. The secret to blasting through it is to arm yourself with a set of techniques that will enable you to blast through those blocks. Put on your thinking cap Grab a pencil and paper and brainstorm what you want to include in your essay. Write down everything you can think of, including scientific studies, ideas, arguments and counter-arguments. Take a series of coloured pencils and group together the points that have elements in common. Then rank these groups in order of importance. Build an effective structure Next, write headings that relate to the groups in your brainstorm. For example, if your essay is to evaluate the clinical treatment of diabetes, you might write Medical model of diabetes and Social psychology of sugar consumption. You wont necessarily keep these headings in your final essay. Instead, think of them as guide posts to keep you on course. Find your flow Now and only now its time to put fingers to keyboard. But forget settling down for an all-nighter. Instead, set an alarm for five minutes from now, and write until it goes off. This will be far less daunting than seeing a marathon writing session stretching out before you. After all, how bad can five minutes be? Yet what youll probably find is that you start speeding up to try to beat the clock. And in doing so, youll start to create momentum. Three or four of these five-minute burst are normally all it takes to get things moving. For it to work, you have to be honest with yourself and stop at five minutes if its just not happening for you. But when you do, make sure you reset your alarm and start another five-minute session five minutes from now. Forget your grade Although your heart may be set on producing a first-class essay, put these thoughts aside while youre writing. Focusing fully on answering the essay question gives you the best chance of scoring top marks. Pay attention to detail Once you have your first draft, carefully comb through it and weed out any meaningless words. Make sure your opening paragraph directly answers the question and that youve fully explored your arguments. Finally, proofread carefully by stopping a pen at each word to make sure there are no typos or spelling mistakes. You dont need the mad panic of an imminent deadline to get started. So dont delay the writing process by doing too much research. Just take a deep breath, begin your brainstorm and write your way to essay success.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Amargasaurus Profile

Amargasaurus Profile Name: Amargasaurus (Greek for La Amarga lizard:); pronounced ah-MAR-gah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Relatively small size; prominent spines lining neck and back About Amargasaurus Most of the sauropods of the Mesozoic Era looked pretty much like most every other sauropod- long necks, squat trunks, long tails and elephant-like legs- but Amargasaurus was the exception that proved the rule. This relatively slim plant-eater (only about 30 feet long from head to tail and two to three tons) had a row of sharp spines lining its neck and back, the only sauropod known to have possessed such an imposing feature. (True, the later titanosaurs of the Cretaceous period, direct descendants of the sauropods, were covered with scutes and spiny knobs, but these were nowhere near as ornate as those on Amargasaurus.) Why did the South American Amargasaurus evolve such prominent spines? As with similarly equipped dinosaurs (like the sailed Spinosaurus and Ouranosaurus), there are various possibilities: the spines may have helped to deter predators, they may have had some kind of role in temperature regulation (that is, if they were covered by a thin flap of skin capable of dissipating heat), or, most likely, they may simply have been a sexually selected characteristic (Amargasaurus males with more prominent spines being more attractive to females during mating season). As distinctive as it was, Amargasaurus appears to have been closely related to two other unusual sauropods: Dicraeosaurus, which was also equipped with (much shorter) spines emanating from its neck and upper back, and Brachytrachelopan, which was distinguished by its unusually short neck, probably an evolutionary adaptation to the types of food available in its South American habitat. There are other examples of sauropods adapting fairly quickly to the resources of their ecosystems. Consider Europasaurus, a pint-sized plant eater that barely weighed a single ton since it was restricted to an island habitat. Unfortunately, our knowledge of Amargasaurus is limited by the fact that only one fossil specimen of this dinosaur is known, discovered in Argentina in 1984 but only described in 1991 by the prominent South American paleontologist Jose F. Bonaparte. (Unusually, this specimen includes part of Amargasaurus skull, a rarity since the skulls of sauropods are easily detached from the rest of their skeletons after death). Oddly enough, the same expedition responsible for the discovery of Amargasaurus also unearthed the type specimen of Carnotaurus, a short-armed, meat-eating dinosaur that lived about 50 million years later!

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Creation of Jewish State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creation of Jewish State - Essay Example The contact of British Empire with Africa became extensive from 1740 onwards. British traders used to make huge income and profits by exchanging manufactured goods for slaves in Africa and then selling slaves further in North America. These traders further amplified their profits by bringing cotton, sugar and tobacco back to Britain. British control bit by bit increased in South Africa and it took control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1795. In 1807, Britain outlawed slavery and hence its relations with Africa enhanced. Britain continued to follow its trial and error method of allying with local rulers and then amalgamating in conflicts between its cronies and their enemies. In the mean while, British gained ever-increasing influence in West Africa and in North Africa. In the 1830s and 1840s Britain increased its involvement in controlling a larger area of southern Africa. And in 1844 Britain was successful in taking the control of the Gold Coast of West Africa. Nevertheless during that period, missionaries and traders like David Livingstone were coming into contact with new African people. They were opening up trade routes and were establishing political alliances. This course of action speeded up when gold and diamonds were found in South Africa in the 1870s and 1880s. Then British came into a clash with the Boers and in due course it resulted in the Boer War of 1899-1902. And it helped the British to enjoy the overall control of the country which today is South Africa. There after from 1870 to 1900 Britain took control of increasingly large areas of West and North Africa. As West Africa was an important, helpful and valuable supply of gold and other trading goods. By 1890s, much of the coastal area of West Africa and parts of the lands which now are the parts of Nigeria, were under British control. In 1880s Britain successfully took control of Egypt. North Africa was an important area for Britain because it was on the trade route between Britain and it's most important and precious territory, India. In the time of 1929 British wanted to keep Jewish immigration limited, inadequate and restricted. Zionists, at that time were worried about the problem that immigration imposed on available resources in Palestine. They acknowledged their Migration to Palestine as an economic suffering. In the nineteen-twenties, Zionists bought some piece of land for agriculture in Palestine but poor and landless Muslims resented it. The Grand Mufti, al-Huseini along with other Muslim aristocrats tried to make money by selling this land to Zionist organizations at prices higher as compared to those prices at which they could sell to their fellow Muslims. At the same time they complained about Jews. Zionists increased aggression against the Jews where as Muslim leaders promoted calm, harmony and peace rather than aggression and hostility. At that time a conflict blows up between Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem. Huseini hold Jews accountable of having seized Muslim holy places in Jerusalem that were Al Aqsa and Al-Hara. In reaction to it they exasperated Arab mobs and they attacked Jews in Jerusalem and looted their homes. The attacks and looting was so extensive that it then broadened to

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

10 environmental science articles Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

10 environmental science articles - Article Example In 2008,twelve orphan chimpanzees were released back into the wild after being equipped with GPS tracking devices attached to collars.Six males and six females were released,all ranging between eight and twenty years of age,making this only the second time that captive chimpanzees were sent to live among wild chimpanzees Due to the tracking devices, researchers were able to monitor the activities of the chimpanzees, discovering that five of them created their own community in the area where they were originally released, two of which gave birth to healthy offspring. One of the other females integrated with success into a community of wild chimpanzees. By releasing the chimpanzees back into the wild, awareness programs and environmental education programs have increased, drawing attention from people who frequent the park. The release has also caused a halt in illegal hunting and fishing. It is because of the release that other sanctuaries are considering releasing some of their own b ack into the wild in the near future. These sanctuaries feel that the more people are educated about the animals being released, the more likely the animals will be able to survive in the wild without having to fear humans bringing harm to them or their environment. Article Quality The quality of the article could have been better. While it explained the benefits of releasing the chimpanzees into the wild and tracking them with GPS, the article could have gotten more into detail about how well the chimpanzees were adapting to their new surroundings. It also failed to go into detail about how people were being educated and supportive of the chimpanzees’ release. Article Topic The subject matter of this article is very interesting. There are often stories that are not so successful about animals being released into the wild. By using GPS to monitor the whereabouts and conditions of the chimpanzees, as well as informing people about the project, the release was able to be a succ ess. If other sanctuaries use similar tactics, perhaps more animal releases will be just as successful. Summary A study conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health revealed that an increased intake of berries is capable of decreasing the chances of men and women developing Parkinson’s disease. The study conducted also showed that men could decrease their chances even more by also eating apples, oranges, and other food items that contain flavonoids or anthocyanins, which have proven to be neuroprotective. Flavonoids and anthocyanins can be found in plants and fruits, but also in berries, chocolate, and citrus fruits. These dietary components are also known as vitamin P and citrin. This was the first study to focus on the impact of flavonoids on the development of Parkinson’s disease. The study consisted of 49,281 men and 80,336 women. They were each given a questionnaire that was used to determine the amount of flavonoids that each person took in on average. The co nnection between flavonoid intakes and risk of Parkinson’s disease was then analyzed. The participants were then followed for twenty years. During the twenty years, it was found that the more flavonoids that a male took in, the less of a chance he had at developing Parkinson’s. While women showed no significant results with flavonoids, it was revealed that women can decrease their risk by increasing their intake of anthocyanins. Article Quality The quality of the article is very good. It summarized the most important aspects of the study, such as who was involved, what took place, the results, and the importance of the study itself. However, the article could have gotten into more detail about the effects of flavonoids and anthocyanins and how they actually protect the brain. The article only informed the reader that these components are capable of protecting them, but it would be even more beneficial to know how. Article Topic The topic of the article is fascinating, informative, and very

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Economic History and Current India Essay Example for Free

Economic History and Current India Essay There have been recent studies of the entire history of the economy of india where it is possible to ananlyse where india stood its place in past and where it is currently held. Paul Birog made a thorough analysis of Asian countries GDP economic development of 1750-1918 where surprisingly the findings in 1700AD drawn economic statistics of world . China had 32. 8% GDP where as as india had 25% . UK at that time had 1. 8% GDP along with 1% GDP in USA. By the time of 1900 there was a total reversal of paradigm shift where US and UK had GDP growth of 41% whereas China and India suffered 1. 7% GDP overall. The western research shows that india was a economic giant . London economist Angus Madisson in 1990, one of the greatest british economist of all time was appointed by the OECD nations to verify Paul Birogs research along with different levels of assistances from different countries. Eventually in 2010 he published a 2000 year economy of India where it showed from 1AD India topped thed world with 34% GDP. Still in 1000AD it had 28% GDP. In the years 1500 and 1600 china overtakes india. Again in 1700 india overtakes china and finally the entire crash of the Indian economy began later in 1750’s where the british colonial overlords landed in the country and started looting the country and exploiting its resources. The OECD website refers in the â€Å"world economic history and millennium perspective† lists out all these information which have been quoted before. It is one of the most trusted and relied upon website to refer to the statistics of the world economies. Although the word society is absent completely in western society where Margaret Thatcher said in 1971, that there is nothing called as society. And today all the western accepts today is the alternate version of so called civil society. Now civil society is totally different from the traditional society where it can be suggested that it is a form of ‘anti society’. Civil society which is the current western trend is based on social contractual theory, which all the institution are based including out democratic government where each citizen is recognized as co-citizen in country rather than mutual brotherhood based society. For eg. In USA, in Philedelphia, a Son can file a case against his own father for divorce of relationship and can achieve his claim since there is no cultural society, it is a civil society where 2 people are viewed as co-citizens rather with any blood and brotherly relationship. The complete western understanding, their institutions, sociology, individualism, constitutional theory of west does not recognize normal basic human relationship. But whereas our Indian society has always been working entirely on human relations since the ages of time where india showed a huge economic superpower with traditional society. Today since Indian government which is puppying around the western ideology fail to realize that they are taking the economy of the nation into a huge catastrophy. In 1993, when Manmohan Singh was the finance minister invited jagadish bhagavati a neo economist from USA, who formed the entire Duncan WTO treaty for the situation crisis in india with its economic situation. He suggested that the problem with Indian people is that they are saving more than need which comes around 23%GDP,out of which 19 % GDP were only saved by Indians. His advise included to bring down the savings of the people by different means of taxations and other techniques to 9-10%. Out of which this 9 -10% should only be focused on food, shelter like basic needs and increase productions by employing more people and made a whole theory model on that. His theory on Indian situation stated that unless you destroy the family saving of the Indian people and bring it down to half of it, there was no chance of development. He also made a research on the Indian families that Indian woman played a vital role in taking hold of the savings of her family expenditures. So his ideas proposed to change the mentality of the reserved family woman to consumer based woman where she can be advertised to spend more of our money and change the family structure symmetrically in Indian society. In western society there is no propensity to save money assets, thus as a result many families are destroyed. Today 51% Americans are single parent family, out of which 41% children are born to unwed mothers, 20% born for school going children. 51% of the American people are dependent on government support on life insurance, health support etc. where as Indian people have always been dependent on society. Moreover the western economy is build on contractual interest based constitutional society which has led to time bomb ticking economy is USA and other European countries. Today the present scenario has changed the entire habitual thinking process of the people in India. They have a huge affiliated love towards the western society and its features less realizing the suicidal catastrophic and destructive features of its empire. The govt. in India always claim to be globalizing with the world but in reality, india is Americanizing by focusing only on American economic model. There are other traditional society based economies like Japan and germany wherr they instead of manipulating the crowd, they motivate their savings in their family and encourage only the financial institutions to put up money in trades of stock market. There is a huge commonality between the german or Japanese structure of economic history of rich cultural based society which our country could have adopted for the people but current democractic model is partially by the people but it has terribly failed to be for the people by inviting the civil society in our country. Indian economies,constitutions, institutions,sociology, philosophy, education etc all are based on the government economic blueprint of those same people who looted the country, colonized it and then destroyed the Indian GDP. CONCLUSION There are fraternity based economic models in this world with which we share commonality and our ideas should be to have a wider understanding of the world with whom we relate culturally and socially and only then our economic model can be aligned to them to achieve prosperity and serenity in our country.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Looking Through Anothers Eyes :: Personal Narrative Writing

Looking Through Another's Eyes As we adjusted our binoculars before walking on the Anhinga Trail, I wondered if we would actually get to see anything exciting with our binoculars. Unfortunately, as the professor tried to help me adjust mine, we discovered that the new binoculars I had just purchased had double vision. Disappointed, I raised my hopes even higher that we would see something up close that we would not necessarily need the binoculars for. Headed down the path, we saw an Anhinga and a few other birds that stayed long enough for me to quickly borrow a friend’s binoculars. Not far down the path from seeing the Anhinga, all of us quickly glanced over to the right in the bushes where we saw something move. One of our professors walked over to the bushes, bent over, and picked up a snake with his bare hands. It was a harmless snake, a Black Racer, but the capture of the snake still shocked us all. The professor calmly picked up the snake and began talking about it. At that moment, we were all excited that we had our very own Steve Erwin. I was excited that I was able to see something without needing a pair of binoculars. As our professor continued displaying the snake and trying to keep it from moving, the snake reached up and latched onto his finger for about five seconds until it let go. Our professor, of course, had no reaction as he again calmly waited for the snake to let go of his finger. Just barely breaking the skin, and a little blood, the professor eventually put the snake down as we all watched it slither away into the bushes. At the moment that the snake took hold of our professor’s hand, I couldn’t help but wonder what was going through the snake’s tiny brain. Was it â€Å"Geez this guy looks big, maybe if I bite him he will let me go,† or was it â€Å"hmmm, this finger looks awfully tasty; I think I’ll try a bite.† What was the real reason for the snake biting our professor? Was it out of fear, curiousness, or hunger? Considering how small the snake was, most of us would assume that it was afraid and was protecting itself. But how can we be sure? We are not snakes.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Irony in Antigone: King Creon Essay

In the tragedy Antigone, Sophocles pens a tale about a stalwart and distrustful king, Creon, and his misuse of the power he possesses. In the play he disregards the law of the gods to fit his whims, something that the heroine of the play, Antigone, wholeheartedly disagrees with; she disobeys his order to leave her dead brother, Polynices, unburied and sentences herself to death in the process. Antigone is engaged to Creon’s son, Haemon, who does not agree with his father’s actions in regard to the burial of Antigone’s traitorous brother. The disagreement between father and son leads to Haemon’s suicide; ironically, Creon thinks it is his life that will be taken and not his son’s. Creon and Haemon argue about Antigone’s impending fate; their disagreement on the subject prompts a threat from Haemon: â€Å"No. Don’t ever hope for that. She’ll not die with me just standing there. And as for you— your eyes will never see my face again. So let your rage charge on among your friends Who want to stand by you in this (870-875)  Haemon declares that Antigone will not die without reaction from himself; Creon will never see Haemon again because if Antigone is killed Haemon plans to join her in death: by his own hand. Haemon then says that Creon’s rage will force Haemon’s own hand to do something that Creon will regret. Creon does not understand that Haemon is threatening his own life; instead, he believes that his own life is being threatened, and his reactions to Haemon ’s words are lined with fear, ignorance, and irony. The irony of the situation is that Creon is so blinded by his own ego that he thinks his own life is in danger, when it is actually his son’s that is. Creon only realizes the error of his assumptions and actions after Haemon commits suicide. More irony arises with the death of Haemon; he has joined Antigone in death to have what Creon denied them while living: each other. At the close of the play Antigone, Haemon, and Eurydice, Creon’s wife, have all committed suicide because of Creon’s actions. Creon is suspicious through the entire play; in the beginning he accuses Antigone and Ismene of plotting to steal his throne, saying: â€Å"You there—you snake lurking in my house, sucking out my life’s blood so secretly. I’d no idea I was nurturing two pests, who aimed to rise against my throne. Come here. (607-610)† These words are directed towards Ismene more so than Antigone because Creon already suspects her of wrongdoing. He is surprised to see Ismene lurking in the shadows as she eavesdrops on the judgment of Antigone; upon seeing Ismene, Creon is convinced that she has conspired with Antigone to steal his life and throne. In short, he is aware of one pest, Antigone, but does not consider Ismene as a pest until she is discovered eavesdropping. After Ismene is discovered Creon calls her over to be judged alongside Antigone. This is the first sign of Creon’s extreme suspicion that the reader sees; not only does he accuse Antigone and Ismene of conspiring to steal his kingship, but he accuses them of trying to take his life as well. Creon’s suspicion of his impending death is ironic because at the end of the play both Antigone and Haemon take their own lives instead of Creon’s. Creon does not realize the damage he has caused until it is too late to fix; the time for rectification of the situation has passed and he feels deep anguish at the loss of his son. He never imagines that Haemon spoke of killing himself when they had their exchange of words earlier in the play; when next to Haemon’s corpse Creon says: Aaiii—mistakes made by a foolish mind, cruel mistakes that bring on death. You see us here, all in one family— the killer and the killed. Oh the profanity of what I planned. Alas, my son, you died so young—a death before your time. Aaiii . . . aaiii . . . ou’re dead . . . gone—not your own foolishness but mine. (1406-1414) Creon explains with grief that he now realizes his actions caused the death of Haemon; his mistakes are cruel and Haemon is gone not of his own foolishness, but of Creon’s. Further irony shows after Creon discovers that his wife, Eurydice, is also dead; he asks for death by double-edged sword, when earlier he was extremely fearful about his own death and vehement about not dying. He says, â€Å" Aaaii . . . My fear now makes me tremble. Why won’t someone now strike out at me, pierce my heart with a double bladed sword?  How miserable I am . . . aaiii . . . how full of misery and pain . . . (1453-1457). † Creon begs for the death that he is unreasonably obsessed with earlier in the play; it takes the fulfillment of Haemon’s threats to make Creon seek death, and is most definitely ironic in comparison to his attitude towards death earlier in the play. Ironically, Creon now feels the misery of Antigone and Haemon, which he caused; he pierces each of their hearts respectively when he denies Antigone proper burial of her brother, Polynices, and when he denies Haemon his bride, Antigone. Creon’s final words are: Then take this foolish man away from here. I killed you, my son, without intending to, and you, as well, my wife. How useless I am, I don’t know where to look or find support. Everything I touch goes wrong, and on my head fate climbs up with its overwhelming load. (1485-1490) Once filled with immense confidence and arrogance, Creon now feels helpless and useless; ironically, he feels hopeless and distraught not because of anyone trying to steal his power or take his life, but because of his own distrustful actions and ignorant thoughts that cause his world to unravel before his very eyes.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Perioperative handouts

Perl-operative Nursing Phases of Perl-operative period 1. PRE- operative phase 2. INTRA- operative phase 3. POST- operative phase PRE-Operative Phase Begins when the decision to have surgery is made and ends when the client is transferred to the operating table INTRA-operative Phase Begins when the client is transferred to the operating table and ends when the client is admitted to the post-anesthesia unit Post-operative Phase Begins with the admission of the client to the PACIFIC and ends when healing is complete Activities in the Pre-pop 1 . Assessing the clients 2. Identifying potential or actual health problems 3.Planning specific care 4. Providing pre-operative teaching 5. Ensure consent is signed Activities during the Intra-pop 1 . Assisting the surgeon as scrub nurse and circulating nurse Activities in the POST-pop 2. Assessing responses to surgery 3. Performing interventions to promote healing 4. Prevent complications 5. Planning for home-care 6. Assist the client to achieve optimal recovery TYPES of SURGERY 1 . According to PURPOSE 2. According to degree of URGENCY 3. According to degree of RISK Effects of Surgery on the Client Stress response (Neuroscience response) is activated Resistance to infection is lowered due to surgical incisionVascular system is disturbed due to severing of blood vessels and blood loss Organ function may be altered due to manipulation Factors influencing Surgical Risk Age Nutrition Fluid and Electrolyte balance General health status: infection, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary problems, liver dysfunctions, renal dysfunctions or metabolic disorders Medications affecting Surgery Anticoagulants like aspirin and UNSAID should be discontinued 2 weeks Tranquilizer may cause hypertension and shock Antibiotics like encyclopedias may intensify effects of anesthesia Diuretics may cause electrolyte imbalance antiphon may cause hypertension Psychological support Assess client's fears, anxieties, support system and patterns of coping Es tablish a trusting relationship with client and family Explain routine procedures, encourage fertilization of fears and allow clients to ask questions Provide for spiritual care if needed Preoperative teaching Assess client's level of understanding of surgical procedure and its implications Answer questions, clarify and reinforce explanations given by the surgeon Explain routine pre-pop and post-pop procedures Teach coughing and deep breathing exercise, splinting of incision, turning side to did.Explain its importance in preventing complications Assure client that pain medication will be given Pre-operative teaching Physical Preparation Obtain hex of past medical conditions Perform baseline head to toe examinations including vital signs Ensure that diagnostic exams are performed CB, Electrolytes, APT/APT, Urinalysis, EGG, Blood typing, Chest Cray Prepare client skin Shower with antibacterial soap to cleanse skin Skin prep if ordered: shave or clip hairs and cleanse appropriate areas to reduce bacteria on skin Administer enema if ordered Promote adequate rest and asleep Instruct client to remain NP after midnight to prevent vomiting and aspiration Pre-pop elimination Laxatives, enemas or both may be prescribed the night before surgery Have the client void immediately BEFORE transferring them to the OR Foley catheter may be inserted as ordered Legal Responsibility Surgeon obtains operative permit (Informed consent) 1. Surgical procedure, alternatives, possible complications, disfigurements 2.Part of nurse's role as client advocate to confirm that clients understands information given Informed Consent An active shared decision making process between the provider and the recipient of are. 3 conditions 1 . Adequate disclosure of the diagnosis, nature and purpose of treatment, risk and consequences, probability of successful outcome and prognosis if treatment is not done. 2. Patient must demonstrate a clear understanding and comprehension of information being provid ed 3. Recipient of care must give consent voluntarily, not persuaded or coerced to undergo the procedure. Consent are not needed for emergency care if; 1. There is an immediate threat to life 2. Experts agree that it is an emergency 3. Client is unable to consent 4. A legally authorized person cannot be reachedPreparation Immediately before surgery Obtain a baseline vital signs Provide oral hygiene and remove dentures Remove client's clothing and dress in clean gown Remove nail polish, cosmetics, Jewelry Instruct to empty bladder Check identification band Intra-operative phase interventions Determine the type of surgery and anesthesia used Position client appropriately for surgery Assist the surgeon as circulating or scrub nurse Maintain the sterility of the surgical field Monitor for developing complications Preparing the surgical site Purpose of prepping is to reduce the unit of organisms available to migrate to the surgical wound. Task is the responsibility of the circulating nur se Principle of scrubbing from the clean area to dirty area is observed at all times Anesthetics Anesthetics are drugs that are used to cause complete or partial loss of sensation. The numerous anesthetics can be broadly classified as : 1. General 2.Local anesthetics General Anesthesia Loss of sensation with loss of consciousness Skeletal muscle relaxation Analgesia Elimination of somatic, autonomic and endocrine response including coughing, gagging and vomiting Protective reflexes are lost Amnesia, analgesia and hypnosis occur Administered in two ways: Inhalation Intravenous IV anesthetics Produces rapid, smooth induction, may be used alone in short procedures Common IV anesthetics: methodical, Sodium tapeline (Penetrate), modally Disadvantages: poor relaxation, respiratory and myocardial depression in high doses, bronchiole's, laryngitis's, hypertension and respiratory depression Dissociation Agents Produce state of profound analgesia, amnesia and lack of awareness without loss of consciousness Astatine (Catalan) Side effects: tachycardia, hypertension, respiratory depression, hallucinations Precautions: decrease verbal, tactile and visual stimulation during recovery periodNarcoleptics Produces state of narcoleptic analgesia characterized by reduced motor activity and analgesia without loss of consciousness Fontanel citrate (Innovator) SE; hypertension, brickyard, respiratory depression, skeletal muscle rigidity, twitching Precaution: reduce narcotic dose to prevent respiratory depression Local Anesthesia Local anesthetics are drugs that cause a loss of sensation in limited areas of the body to abolish pain. They are powerful nerve blockers injected locally. Systemic absorption of the anesthetics can produce numerous side effects. Examples of Local anesthetics: The â€Å"CANINES† Loading Debasing Procaine Terracing The side effects of local anesthetics Local effects- local irritation and skin breakdown CONS effects if systemic absorption occurs- heada che, restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, tremors and blurred vision.GIG system- nausea, vomiting Cardiac- arrhythmias, peripheral vacillation, myocardial depression, and rarely, cardiac arrest Nursing Responsibilities Maintain emergency equipment on standby to provide life-support in cases of severe reactions Ensure that drugs are available for managing hypertension, cardiac arrest ND CONS alterations. Provide adequate hydration to patients receiving spinal anesthesia. Position the client supine for up to 12 hours after spinal anesthesia to minimize spinal headache Provide safety and comfort measures such as side-rails up, frequent skin care and supportive care Give health teaching to explain things the patient needs to know to allay fears. Stages of Anesthesia Depth Usually trained individuals with the special equipments ready for life support administer the agents The patient undergoes through a predictable stages known as STAGES of ANESTHESIA: 1 to 4

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on McDonald’s “Seniors” Restaurant

McDonald’s â€Å"Seniors† Restaurant Case Analysis In the study of the briefing of the McDonald’s Restaurant, there are positives to the problem and negatives towards the problem. A McDonald’s in a city crowded with seniors are overwhelmed with senior customers during the early hours of the day. The senior come in as a meeting area where they eat and commune at the restaurant. The number of seniors that come in, crowds the dining area in which customers come in and eat. They come in on the fourth Monday of every month to get extra special, over the age of 55 discounts. This is a meal that cost 1.99 and free coffee refills. The staff knows the seniors very well and go to see them if they are hospitalized. The relationship is considered a good one between the staff and the seniors. In addition, a idea of adding bingo to add to the excitement of the mornings for the seniors from nine to eleven a.m. Using the party room would accommodate up to 150 senior patrons. Isolate the Salient Problem A primary problem to this case study is the senior crowd. The restaurant already takes on the task of having enough room to seat the entire dining style crowd, if it engages in bingo than the crowd will become even more outrageous. Not only will the restaurant have the meeting crowd they will have a bingo crowd as well. Meaning, that more senior crowd will come in ready and only ready to engage in bingo. A secondary problem would be the title of the restaurant would be at risk. The fast food label may become a social restaurant, common to a bar status. It may take on the name of the â€Å"old people’s restaurant†. This will detour many of the younger customers and the customers who are coming to get the fast food service. The restaurant will face over crowding due to the new additions (bingo). Accumulate and Organize relevant facts Seniors are mainly the people who enjoy doing activities such as bingo. Bingo co... Free Essays on McDonald’s â€Å"Seniors† Restaurant Free Essays on McDonald’s â€Å"Seniors† Restaurant McDonald’s â€Å"Seniors† Restaurant Case Analysis In the study of the briefing of the McDonald’s Restaurant, there are positives to the problem and negatives towards the problem. A McDonald’s in a city crowded with seniors are overwhelmed with senior customers during the early hours of the day. The senior come in as a meeting area where they eat and commune at the restaurant. The number of seniors that come in, crowds the dining area in which customers come in and eat. They come in on the fourth Monday of every month to get extra special, over the age of 55 discounts. This is a meal that cost 1.99 and free coffee refills. The staff knows the seniors very well and go to see them if they are hospitalized. The relationship is considered a good one between the staff and the seniors. In addition, a idea of adding bingo to add to the excitement of the mornings for the seniors from nine to eleven a.m. Using the party room would accommodate up to 150 senior patrons. Isolate the Salient Problem A primary problem to this case study is the senior crowd. The restaurant already takes on the task of having enough room to seat the entire dining style crowd, if it engages in bingo than the crowd will become even more outrageous. Not only will the restaurant have the meeting crowd they will have a bingo crowd as well. Meaning, that more senior crowd will come in ready and only ready to engage in bingo. A secondary problem would be the title of the restaurant would be at risk. The fast food label may become a social restaurant, common to a bar status. It may take on the name of the â€Å"old people’s restaurant†. This will detour many of the younger customers and the customers who are coming to get the fast food service. The restaurant will face over crowding due to the new additions (bingo). Accumulate and Organize relevant facts Seniors are mainly the people who enjoy doing activities such as bingo. Bingo co...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Typing Spanish Accents and Symbols in Ubuntu Linux

Typing Spanish Accents and Symbols in Ubuntu Linux Typing Spanish characters on a computer keyboard laid out for English speakers can be cumbersome - but Ubuntu Linux offers a way to to make it easy with little interference to your English typing. The key to easily typing non-English characters - especially those from European languages including Spanish - is switching to different keyboard layout than the default. A more cumbersome method using the Character Map is also available if you type Spanish infrequently. How To Switch to a Spanish-Capable Keyboard The procedure for typing Spanish accents, letters and symbols as explained here is based on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus), the most recent stable version for long-term use. It should work in other distributions using the Gnome desktop. Otherwise, details will vary with the distribution. To change or add the keyboard layout in Ubuntu, select Preferences from the System Tools menu, and then select Keyboard. Click on Text Entry (other versions may say Layouts) to add or change the keyboard layout. For U.S. residents using English as a first language, the best choice (and the one explained here) is the USA International (with dead keys) layout. The USA International (with dead keys) layout gives you two ways of typing Spanish letters (and the letters of some other European languages) with diacritical marks, the dead-key method and the RightAlt method. Using Dead Keys The keyboard layout sets up two dead keys. These are keys that seem to do nothing when you press them. But what they actually do is affect the following letter you type. The two dead keys are the apostrophe/quotation key (usually to the right of the colon key) and the tilde/opening-single-quote key (usually to the left of the 1 key). Pressing the apostrophe key will place an acute accent (like on the à ©) on the following letter. So to type an à © with the dead-key method, press the apostrophe key and then the e. (To make a capital accented É, press and release the apostrophe, and then press the shift key and e at the same time.) This works for all of the Spanish vowels (as well as some other letters used in other languages). To type the à ±, the tilde key is used as the dead key. Press the shift and tilde keys at the same time (as if you were typing a stand-alone tilde), release them, then press the n key. (The location of the tilde key varies but is often to the left of the 1 key in the top row.) To type the à ¼, press the shift and apostrophe/quotation key at the same time (as if you were typing a double quotation mark), release them, and then press the u key. One problem with the use of dead keys is that they dont work well for their original function. To type an apostrophe, for example, you have press the apostrophe key and follow that with the space bar. Using the RightAlt Method The USA International (with dead keys) layout gives you a second method of typing the accented letters, as well as the only method for Spanish punctuation. This method uses the RightAlt key (usually to the right of the space bar) pressed at the same time as another key. For example, to type the à ©, press the RightAlt key and the e at the same time. If you want to capitalize it, you need to press three keys simultaneously: the RightAlt, e and shift keys. Similarly, the RightAlt key can be used in conjunction with the question mark key to make the inverted question mark, and with the 1 key to make the inverted exclamation point. These methods do not work the the Alt key on the left side of the keyboard. Here is a summary of the Spanish characters and symbols you can make with the RightAlt key: - RightAlt a- RightAlt Shift aà © - RightAlt eÉ - RightAlt e Shiftà ­ - RightAlt ià  - RightAlt i Shiftà ± - RightAlt nÑ - RightAlt n Shiftà ³ - RightAlt oÓ - RightAlt o Shiftà º - RightAlt uÚ - RightAlt u Shiftà ¼ - RightAlt yÃÅ" - RightAlt y Shift ¿ - RightAlt ? ¡ - RightAlt ! « - RightAlt [ » - RightAlt ] Unfortunately, the USA International (with dead keys) layout doesnt appear to offer a way to type the quotation dash (also called a long dash or emdash). Those who are familiar with Linux can modify the xmodmap file or use various utilities to remap a key on the keyboard to make that symbol readily available. How To Switch Between Standard and International Keyboards If you spend most of your time writing in English, the dead apostrophe key can become annoying. One solution is to install two keyboard layouts using the Keyboard configuration tool described above. To easily switch between layouts, install the Keyboard Indicator in one of your panels. Right-click on a panel, select Add to Panel and then select Keyboard Indicator. Once its installed, you can click on it anytime to switch layouts. Using the Character Map The Character Map provides a graphical display of all the characters available and can be used to select characters one-by-one for insertion in your document. In Ubuntu Linux, the Character Map is available by selecting the Applications menu, then the Accessories menu. The Spanish letters and punctuation can be found in the Latin-1 Supplement listing. To insert a character in your document, double-click on it, then click Copy. Then you can paste it in your document in the normal way, depending on your application.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Global Strategy Management - Cultural Considerations Assignment

Global Strategy Management - Cultural Considerations - Assignment Example Religion is another cultural consideration that I would take into account in my strategy to expand into India. An example of how I would factor in religion in my strategy is to recommend that company representatives do not order beef in restaurant because the cow is a holy creature in Hinduism and Hindus would feel insulted and this would impact negatively on our business in the country. Festivals and holidays are another cultural consideration in strategizing for entry into India. There are many national and religious celebrations that Indians observe and I would recommend that our business be closed during some of those celebrations because it would show honor for these events (Millar, 2006). Another cultural consideration in expanding business into India is the many languages used by Indians. I would be keen in cautioning that the various Indian ethnic groups speak different languages and as such, business representatives should be careful to learn the meaning of different Indian words before using them in doing business. Respect for the elderly is another cultural consideration and my strategy would also recommend that our business representatives show respect to elderly customers in order to enhance the success of the corporation (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2014). This would not impact our current strategy negatively but will make it more versatile. This is because as much as we have spelt out all the things the corporation will need to launch business in India and start operating, the endeavor cannot succeed unless there is a way to forge a working alliance with the locals. Taking India’s cultural considerations into account in our strategy will make it versatile particularly because it will match well with John and Deborah’s corporation’s exceptional customer service for which it is reputed in the industry. A cultural consideration that helps cultivate a close relationship with Indian customers would help vary our activities in order to suit the

Friday, November 1, 2019

In what cases is U.S. military intervention in other countries Research Paper

In what cases is U.S. military intervention in other countries justifiable In what cases is it not - Research Paper Example In any case, America is fighting with other countries all the time one way or other. It is difficult to justify all these wars conducted by United States. The Afghanistan war can be justified up to certain extent because of the brutalities committed by the Muslim fundamentalist group Taliban. Moreover, America has support from the existing Afghanistan political regime in destroying Talibanism from Afghan soil. However, same thing cannot be said about the recent Iraq war. It was conducted against the will of the political administration in Iraq. Moreover, the reasons cited for attacking Iraq were rejected by other countries. The theory of weapons of mass destruction was indigestible to other countries. America is still struggling to justify Iraq war since they failed to seize any weapons of mass destruction from Iraq. This paper analyses in what cases is U.S. military intervention in other countries is justifiable and in what cases is it not. On March 20, 2003 America with the help of its allies attacked Iraq, accusing Iraq for the possession of illegal chemical, biological and nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction. Moreover, America explained to the world that the possession of such serious weapons may cause immense threat to the global peace. However, even after the execution of Saddam Hussein, American troops failed to seize any such weapons from Iraqi soil. ... It is illegal to attack a country for exploiting its natural resources. Sovereignty of a country should be respected in order to keep global peace intact. It is fact that most of the Middle Eastern countries including Iraq were administered by some dictators. However, spreading of democracy through war cannot be justified under any circumstances. Bush Jr. spent billions of dollars just for saving the pride of his father. The current financial crisis is believed to be the by-product of Iraq war. In other words, Iraq war not only affected the Iraqi people, but it affected the Americans also. Many of the American soldiers sacrificed their lives in Iraq in their efforts to bring peace back in Iraq. The cost of Iraq war can be better analyzed with the help of following illustration. (Cost of Iraq War and Nation Building) â€Å"According to an article by Stephen Gowans, the US command knowingly violated Article 54 of the Geneva Convention which prohibits any country from undermining objec ts indispensable to the survival of (another country's) civilian population" (Abuelo). Iraq war resulted in large scale looting and criminal disorder, especially in Baghdad and Basra. Coalition forces were quite unable to maintain public order and the Iraqi police forces largely withdrew from the major centers of population (Rogers, p.13). In other words, the coalition forces failed to keep their word they given to the external world; a peaceful Iraq without Saddam. In short, Iraq war or America’s intervention in Iraq could not be justified under any circumstances. The reasons cited for the wars were illogical and Americans forced pay big prices for this war in the form of big expenditure and the sacrifice of the lives of many of its people.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 4

Strategic management - Essay Example Henry Ford founded the company with many innovations introduced to the ways products were manufactured. One of these is the best-known model T of mass production, the moving assembly line – which is actually composed of conveyor belts – where time of work was reduced (Goh & Garg, 2008, p. 57). Ford revolutionized the car industry, paid higher wages to factory workers, and made cars affordable to anyone. (Purvis, 1997) Ford became a multinational corporation in 1970 but was predominantly operating in North America with subsidiaries in major markets in countries like Britain, Germany or Australia. These subsidiaries however have their own manufacturing plants. In Britain, the most popular Ford in the Cortina. With intense globalisation, the Ford organisation started to restructure internationally. In Europe, Ford was consolidated with further product development and designs which were originally European. Ford manufactured cars of different designs. (Grant, 2005, p. 440) In the UK, Ford is the biggest in the automobile industry with over 550 dealers across the United Kingdom and employing about 35,000 people. In its website, it says that it currently sells 440,000 vehicles annually, with Ford Focus as the car most Britons love. (Ford Motor Company, 2010) In the United States, Ford is now best known for its cars, trucks, crossovers and SUVs (Ford, 2010). In 2008, Ford was adjudged by Standard and Poor’s as the world’s second largest motor vehicle manufacturer, producing cars and trucks, including plastic and glass parts of the cars they make, and including replacement parts. Ford has a 33% stake in Mazda Motor Corp. Financial services include Ford Motor Credit (automotive financing and insurance) and American Road Insurance. Ford has a big share in the world market. It has ventured in many countries, trying to feel its presence even in China, which is the fastest growing market in the automobile

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Overview of Cryptography and Encryption Techniques

Overview of Cryptography and Encryption Techniques What is cryptography Cryptography is the discipline of cryptography and cryptanalysis and of their interaction. The word â€Å"cryptography† is derived from the Greek words â€Å"Kryptos† means concealed, and â€Å"graphien† means to inscribe. It is the science of keeping secrets secret. One objective of cryptography is protecting a secret from adversaries. Professional cryptography protects not only the plain text, but also the key and more generally tries to protect the whole cryptosystem. Cryptographic primitives can be classified into two classes: keyed primitives and non-keyed primitives as in the figure. The fundamental and classical task of cryptography is to provide confidentiality by encryption methods. Encryption (also called enciphering) is the process of scrambling the contents of a message or file to make it unintelligible to anyone not in possession of key â€Å"key† required to unscramble the file or message. Providing confidentiality is not the only objective o f cryptography. Cryptography is also used to provide solutions for other problems: Data integrity, Authentication, Non-repudiation. Encryption methods can be divided into two categories: substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers. In a substitution cipher the letters of plaintext are replaced by other letters or by symbols or numbers. Replacing plaintext bit pattern with cipher text bit patterns is involved in substitution when plaintext is viewed as a sequence of bits. Substitution ciphers preserve the order of plaintext symbols but disguise them. Transposition ciphers, do not disguise the letters, instead they reorder them. This is achieved by performing some sort of permutation on the plaintext letters. There are two type of encryption :symmetric(private/secert) encryption key and asymmetric(public) key encryption. Conventional encryption model A conventional encryption model can be illustrated as assigning Xp to represent the plaintext message to be transmitted by the originator. The parties involved select an encryption algorithm represented by E. the parties agree upon the secret key represented by K. the secret key is distributed in a secure manner represented by SC. Conventional encryption’s effectiveness rests on keeping the secret. Keeping the key secret rests in a large on key distribution methods. When E process Xp and K, Xc is derived. Xc represents the cipher text output, which will be decrypted by the recipient. Upon receipt of Xc, the recipient uses a decryption algorithm represented by D to process Xc and K back to Xp. This is represented in the figure. In conventional encryption, secrecy of the encryption and decryption algorithm is not needed. In fact, the use of an established well known and tested algorithm is desirable over an obscure implementation. This brings us to the topic of key distribution. Cryptanalysis Code making involves the creation of encryption products that provide protection of confidentiality. Defeating this protection by some men’s other than the standard decryption process used by an intended recipient is involved in code breaking. Five scenarios for which code breaking is used. They are selling cracking product and services, spying on opponents, ensure accessibility, pursuing the intellectual aspects of code breaking and testing whether one’s codes are strong enough. Cryptanalysis is the process of attempting to identify either the plaintext Xp or the key K. discovery of the encryption is the most desired one as with its discovery all the subsequent messages can be deciphered. Therefore, the length of encryption key, and the volume of the computational work necessary provides for its length i.e. resistance to breakage. The protection get stronger when key size increases but this requires more brute force. Neither encryption scheme conventional encryption no r public key encryption is more resistant to cryptanalysis than the other. Cryptographic goals However, there are other natural cryptographic problems to be solved and they can be equally if not important depending on who is attacking you and what you are trying to secure against attackers. Privacy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation are the cryptographic goals covered in this text. These three concepts form what is often referred to as the CIA triad? The three notations represents the basic security objectives for both data and for information and computing services. FIPS PUB 199 provides a useful characterization of these objectives in terms of requirements and the definition of a loss of security in each category: Confidentiality: Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, together with means for shielding personal secrecy and copyrighted material. A damage of privacy is the illegal disclosure of information. Integrity: Guarding against improper information modification or destruction, and includes ensuring information non-repudiation and authenticity. A loss of integrity is the unauthorized modification of information. Availability: Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information. A loss of availability is the disruption of access to an information system. Although the use of the CIA tried to define security objectives is well established, some in the security field feel that additional concepts are needed to present a complete picture. Two of the most commonly mentioned are: Authenticity: The property of being genuine and being able to be verified and trusted; confidence in the validity of a transmission, a message, or message originator. Accountability: The security goal that generates the requirement for actions of an entity to be traced uniquely to that entity. Generally there are two types key present 1 Symmetric-key 2 Asymmetric-key Symmetric key encryption The universal technique for providing confidentiality for transmitted data is symmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption is also known as conventional encryption or single-key encryption was the only type of encryption in use prior to the introduction of public-key encryption. Countless individuals and groups, from Julius Caesar to the German U-boat force to present-day diplomatic, military and commercial users, use symmetric encryption for secret communication. It remains by far the more widely used of the types of encryption. A symmetric encryption scheme has five ingredients as follows- Plaintext: This is the original data or message that is fed into the algorithm as input. Encryption algorithm: the encryption algorithm performs various transformations and substitutions on the plaintext. Secret key: The secret key is input to the encryption algorithm. The exact transformations and substitutions performed by the algorithm depend on the key. Ciphertext: This is the scrambled message produced as output. It depends on the plaintext and the secret key. For a given message, two different keys will produce two different ciphertexts. Decryption algorithm: This is reserve process of encryption algorithm. It takes the ciphertext and secret key and produces the original plaintext. Symmetric key encryption is shown in fig. There are two necessities for protected use of symmetric encryption: We need a strong encryption algorithm. Sender and receiver must have secured obtained, keep secure, the secret key. Stream Ciphers The stream ciphers encrypt data by generating a key stream from the key and performing the encryption operation on the key stream with the plaintext data. The key stream can be any size that matches the size of the plaintext stream to be encrypted. The ith key stream digit only depends on the secret key and on the (i-1) previous plaintext digits. Then, the i ­th ciphertext digit is obtained by combining the ith plaintext digit with the ith key stream digit. One desirable property of a stream cipher is that the ciphertext be of the same length as the plaintext. Thus, a ciphertext output of 8 bits should be produced by encrypting each character, if 8-bit characters are being transmitted. Transmission capacity is wasted, if more than 8 bits are produced. However, stream ciphers are vulnerable to attack if the same key is used twice ormore. Block Ciphers A block ciphers fragments the message into blocks of a predetermined size and performs the encryption function on each block with the key stream generated by cipher algorithm. Size of each block should be fixed, and leftover message fragments are padded to the appropriate block size. Block ciphers differ from stream ciphers in that they encrypted and decrypted information in fixed size blocks rather than encrypting and decrypting each letters or word individually. A block ciphers passes a block of data or plaintext through its algorithm to generate a block of ciphertext. Asymmetric Key Cryptosystems In Asymmetric Key Cryptosystems two different keys are used: a secret key and a public key. The secret key is kept undisclosed by the proprietor and public key is openly known. The system is called â€Å"asymmetric† since the different keys are used for encryption and decryption, the public key and private key. If data is encrypted with a public key, it can be decrypted only by using the corresponding private key. Public Key Encryption shown in fig. Classical encryption techniques The technique enables us to illustrate the basic approaches to conventional encryption today. The two basic components of classical ciphers are transposition and substitution. Combination of both substitution and transposition is described in others systems. Substitution techniques In this technique letters of plaintext message are placed by symbols and numbers. If plaintext is in the form of a sequences of bits, then substituting plaintext bit patterns with ciphertext bit patterns. Transposition techniques Transposition instantly moves the position around within it but does not alter any of the bits in the plaintext. If the resultant ciphertext is then put through more transpositions, the end result has increasing security.